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| 医疗垃圾预处理火灾风险分析与实验验证 |
| Fire risk analysis and experimental verification during medical waste pretreatment |
| 投稿时间：2026-04-27 修订日期：2026-07-30 |
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| DOI： |
| 基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3905700) |
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| 中文关键词: 医疗垃圾 预处理 火灾风险 破碎机 热失控 |
| 英文关键词:Medical waste Pretreatment Fire risk Crusher Thermal runaway |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 医疗垃圾预处理火灾预防研究能够有效管理和降低火灾风险、保障人财安全。采用半结构化访谈方式采访调研了国内5条医疗废物处置生产线,分析显示未拆除电池是主要着火源,主要机械刺激加载类型是重物冲击、挤压、拉伸等破碎方式,锂离子电池、碱性电池是具有代表性的电池类型。开展了医疗垃圾破碎工艺力学过程模拟实验,对比了电池类型、单一机械刺激加载类型、电池容量等因素对医疗垃圾着火源电池的着火特性的影响规律,研究发现：不同机械刺激加载下,观察到不同型号和容量的电池存在外壳破裂、漏液、过热、冒烟、爆燃等着火现象,验证了医疗垃圾预处理过程中存在火灾风险隐患。锂离子电池相对碱性电池着火敏感程度高；重物冲击机械刺激加载方式导致电池外壁温度升至110℃；大容量锂离子电池更容易出现爆燃现象。结果表明电池热失控是引发医疗垃圾预处理产线火灾的主导原因；评估医疗垃圾预处理火灾风险,并制定相应的风险控制措施,能够有效预防火灾事件。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| Research on fire prevention during the medical waste pretreatment can effectively manage and reduce fire risks, ensuring the safety of people and property. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with five medical waste treatment lines in China. The analysis shows that batteries that have not been removed are the main fire source. The main types of mechanical stimuli loading are crushing methods, such as heavy impact, compression, and stretching. Lithium-ion batteries and alkaline batteries are representative types of batteries. Simulation experiments of the mechanical process of medical waste crushing are carried out. The influence of factors such as battery type, single mechanical stimuli loading type, and battery capacity on the fire characteristics of batteries in medical waste are compared. The study finds that under different mechanical stimuli loading, various types and capacities of batteries exhibit fire phenomena such as shell rupture, leakage, overheating, smoking, and explosive combustion. It confirms the presence of fire risk during the pretreatment process of medical waste. Lithium-ion batteries are more sensitive to fire than alkaline batteries. The mechanical stimuli loading by heavy impact can cause the outer wall temperature of the battery to rise to 110 K. The high-capacity lithium-ion batteries are more prone to explosive combustion. The results indicate that thermal runaway of batteries is the dominant cause of fire in medical waste pretreatment lines. Assessing the fire risk in the medical waste pretreatment and formulating corresponding risk control measures can effectively prevent fire accidents. |
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